Contenido Small hydroelectric engineering practice

Pack - Book & CD:

Small Hydroelectric Engineering Practice is a comprehensive reference book covering all aspects of identifying, building, and operating hydroelectric schemes between 500 kW and 50 MW. In this range of outputs there are many options for all aspects of the scheme and it is very important that the best options are chosen.

As small hydroelectric schemes are usually built against a limited budget it is extremely important that the concept design is optimum and every component is designed to maximise the benefi t and minimise the cost. As operating costs are often a high proportion of the income it is very important to make sure that everything is designed to be simple, reliable and long lasting.

The book is based on the experience gained over 45 years on the overall and detailed design, construction and commissioning of more than 30 small hydropower schemes. It includes contributions from experts in the field of intakes, water diversion structures, geology, canals, painting and other aspects of hydropower development. It is intensely practical with many drawings and photographs of schemes designed and commissioned by Leyland Consultants and others. There are also sections on preparing specifi cations, tender assessment and operation and maintenance.

The book includes a CD with spreadsheet programs for analysing aspects of small hydropower development and many arrangement drawings and detail designs for gates, penstocks, electrical systems and control systems. Typical specifi cations for generating plant are also included. The spreadsheets will be useful during the feasibility stage and the drawings will enable designers to scale the designs as needed for their own projects. Consultants, developers, designers, builders and operators of small hydroelectric schemes will find this book invaluable..

CONTENTS


1 Introduction


1.1 Key features of small hydro schemes


2 Scheme identification


2.1 Preliminary study

2.1.1 Cost estimates

2.2 Feasibility study

2.2.1 Site survey

2.2.2 Hydrology

2.2.3 Geology

2.2.4 Environmental assessment

2.2.5 Preliminary estimates

2.2.6 Preliminary report


3 Refining the design


3.1 Hydrology

3.2 Geology

3.3 Headworks

3.3.1 Spillway options

3.3.2 Intakes

3.3.3 Canal design

3.4 Penstocks and intakes

3.4.1 Penstock intakes

3.4.2 Steel penstocks

3.4.3 Wood stave penstocks

3.4.4 Plastic and GRP penstocks

3.5 Turbine selection

3.5.1 Low head turbines

3.5.2 Medium head turbines

3.5.3 High head turbines

3.6 Powerhouse arrangement

3.7 Useful spreadsheets

3.8 Preliminary financial analysis

3.9 Outside financing

3.9.1 “Bankable’’ feasibility study

3.9.2 Economic and financial analysis


4 Detailed design of intake works, canals and penstocks


4.1 Environmental factors

4.2 Final optimisation

4.2.1 Technical optimisation

4.2.2 “Alab’’ computer program

4.2.3 “Hydrohelp’’ computer program

4.3 Intakes at low weirs

4.3.1 Coanda screen

4.3.2 Streambed intake

4.3.3 Bypassing

4.3.4 Settling basin

4.4 Conventional intakes

4.4.1 Screen cleaners

4.4.2 Intake gates

4.4.3 Penstock filling

4.4.4 Additional information on intakes

4.5 Spillways

4.5.1 Flap (fish belly) gates

4.5.2 Obermeyer gates

4.5.3 Radial gates

4.6 Bypass gates

4.7 Stoplogs and bulkheads

4.8 Canal regulating gates

4.9 Additional information on gates

4.10 Canals

4.10.1 Controlling leakage

4.10.2 Small unlined canals

4.10.3 Canal linings

4.10.4 Under drainage

4.10.5 Further information

4.11 Penstocks and water hammer

4.11.1 Water hammer

4.11.2 Steel penstocks

4.11.3 Glass reinforced plastic (GRP) penstocks

4.11.4 HDPE and PVC penstocks

4.12 Surface treatment and painting of steelwork


5 Turbine selection


5.1 Introduction

5.2 Number of turbines

5.3 Particulate erosion

5.4 Kaplan and Francis turbines

5.4.1 Guide vanes

5.4.2 Guide vane actuation

5.4.3 Cavitation

5.4.4 Hydraulic stability and rough running

5.5 Low head turbines

5.5.1 Dimensions of Kaplan turbines

5.5.2 Vertical Kaplan turbines

5.5.3 Bulb turbines

5.5.4 Pit turbines

5.5.5 Matrix turbines

5.5.6 Axial Kaplan turbines

5.5.7 Open flume Kaplan turbines

5.5.8 Very low head turbines

5.5.9 Stoplogs and emergency isolation

5.6 Medium head turbines

5.6.1 Dimensions of Francis turbines

5.6.2 Air admission

5.6.3 Vertical Francis turbines

5.6.4 Horizontal Francis turbines

5.6.5 Twin horizontal Francis turbines

5.6.6 Inlet valves

5.6.7 Relief valves

5.6.8 Bypass valves

5.7 Pelton turbines

5.7.1 Dimensions of Pelton turbines

5.7.2 Pelton turbine arrangement

5.7.3 Pelton turbine runners

5.7.4 Pelton turbine options

5.7.5 Turgo turbines

5.8 Governing systems


6 Generators


6.1 Overspeed

6.2 Synchronous generators

6.2.1 Stators

6.2.2 Corona

6.2.3 Excitation systems

6.2.4 Neutral earthing

6.2.5 Lightning protection

6.2.6 Generator cooling

6.2.7 Overspeed testing

6.2.8 Increasing generator inertia

6.2.9 Bearings

6.2.10 PTFE bearings

6.2.11 Bearing cooling and monitoring

6.2.12 Induction generators


7 Electrical systems


7.1 Single line diagram

7.1.1 Transformers

7.1.2 Station earthing

7.1.3 Transmission

7.2 Control

7.2.1 Control philosophy

7.2.2 Communications

7.2.3 Programmable Logic Controllers

7.2.4 Programming instructions

7.3 Protection and instrumentation

7.4 Synchronising


8 Auxiliary plant


8.1 Auxiliary AC power supplies

8.2 DC power supplies

8.3 Water piping

8.4 Sump pumping


9 Specifications and contracts


9.1 Conditions of contract

9.1.1 General Conditions of Contract

9.2 Specifications for major generating plant

9.2.1 Turbine specifications

9.2.2 Governing systems

9.2.3 Inlet and bypass valves

9.2.4 Generator specifications

9.2.5 Tender schedules

9.2.6 Sample specifications

9.3 Specifications for other mechanical and electrical plant

9.4 Surface preparation and painting

9.4.1 Background

9.4.2 Specification requirements

9.5 Assessment of tenders


10 Powerhouse layout and design


11 Construction and commissioning

11.1 Project construction

11.2 Commissioning

12 Operation

12.1 Generating plant

12.2 Civil works

12.3 Safety and environmental requirements


13 Lessons from failures


13.1 Civil engineering failures

13.1.1 Ruahihi canal collapse

13.1.2 Wheao canal and head-pond breach

13.1.3 Aniwhenua canal leak

13.1.4 Lessons from civil engineering failures

13.2 Generating plant failures

13.2.1 Station in the Pacific, 1990

13.2.2 Mangahao power station

13.2.3 Tuai power station

13.2.4 Duffers power station


14 Appendix 1: Useful spreadsheets and computer programs


14.1 Hydro scheme data and cost estimates

14.2 Intake screen head losses

14.3 Turbine dimensions

14.4 Cost estimates for turbines and generators

14.5 Financial analysis


15 Appendix 2: Financial and economic considerations


15.1 Objectives of financial analysis

15.2 Objectives of economic analysis

15.3 Approach and methodology

15.3.1 Financial evaluation

15.3.2 Levelized Cost of Electricity

15.3.3 Overview of economic cost benefit analysis


16 Appendix 3: Environmental issues with two hydropower schemes


16.1 Aniwhenua

16.2 Onekaka


17 Appendix 4: Making the most of hydro specifications


17.1 Introduction

17.2 The tenderer/contractor – an interesting species

17.3 Specifications

17.3.1 Performance specifications

17.3.2 Performance specification vs prescriptive specification

17.3.3 Getting the “A’’ team

17.3.4 Life cycle cost analysis

17.3.5 Is the specification tough enough?

17.3.6 Interfacing with existing equipment

17.3.7 Warranties

17.3.8 Drawings

17.3.9 Innovation vs conservatism

17.3.10 Contract inspection

17.3.11 Works acceptance vs Site acceptance

17.3.12 Project schedule

17.4 Looking beyond the specification

17.4.1 Educating our masters

17.4.2 Legal advice

17.4.3 Commercial advice and instruction

17.4.4 General Conditions of Contract

17.4.5 Special Conditions of Contract

17.4.6 Instructions to tenderers

17.4.7 Partnering

17.4.8 Tender evaluation

17.5 Conclusion

References

Subject index

Contents of CD