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Based on the author's extensive expertise and experience as an engineer of hydromechanical projects, this book describes the principal aspects of the design, manufacture, installation and operation of hydraulic gates. Specific topics are analysed in depth, such as the selection of the gate type, the limits of their use, estimating their weight, operative forces, hoisting systems, design of structure and support elements, seals and hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces.
Based on the author's extensive expertise and experience as an engineer of hydromechanical projects, this book describes the principal aspects of the design, manufacture, installation and operation of hydraulic gates. Specific topics are analysed in depth, such as the selection of the gate type, the limits of their use, estimating their weight, operative forces, hoisting systems, design of structure and support elements, seals and hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces. The use of technological advances such as inflatable gates and fusegates is discussed, and this wholly revised and expanded 2nd edition now features new chapters on intake gates and intake trashracks. The book can be used as a textbook and manual for the design of gates. It features a number of worked examples, drawings and about 300 photographs to illustrate the concepts and methods involved, and covers several different types of gate and their support elements for a variety of applications.
1 Introduction
1.1 History and Development
1.2 Gate Components
1.3 Main Applications
1.4 Types and Classifications
2 Types of Gates
2.1 Flap Gate
2.2 Cylinder Gate
2.3 Stoplogs
2.4 Slide Gate
2.5 Caterpillar Gate
2.6 Miter Gate
2.7 Roller Gate
2.8 Segment Gate
2.9 Sector Gate
2.10 Stoney Gate
2.11 Drum Gate
2.12 Bear-Trap Gate
2.13 Fixed-Wheel Gate
2.14 Visor Gate
3 Basis for Selection of Gate Type
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Most Common Types
3.3 Operational Requirements
3.4 Present Limits of Gate Sizes and Heads
4 Hydrostatistics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Vertical Lift Gates
4.3 Radial Gates
5 Structural Design
5.1 Load Cases
5.2 Allowable Stresses
5.3 Skin Plate
5.4 Horizontal Beams
5.5 Segment Gate
5.6 Silt Pressure on Gates
5.7 Gate Seismic Load
6 Embedded Parts, Guides and Supports
6.1 Slots and Niches
6.2 Wheel Track
6.3 Slide Track
6.4 Concrete Bearing Pressure
6.5 Lateral Guidance
6.6 Wheels and Pins
6.7 Gate Hinges and Bearings
7 Estimating Gate Weights
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Segment Gates
7.3 Fixed-Wheel Gates
7.4 Double-Leaf Fixed-Wheel Gates
7.5 Stoplogs
7.6 Flap Gates
7.7 Caterpillar Gates
7.8 Embedded Parts
8 Hydrodynamic Forces
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Model Tests
8.3 Factors Influencing Downpull
8.4 Formulae for the Prediction of Downpull
8.5 Method of Knapp
9 Gate Operating Forces
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Gate Weight
9.3 Friction on Supports and Hinges
9.4 Seal Deflection
9.5 Seal Friction
10 Aeration
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Air Vent – Functions and Features
10.3 Air Vents – Empirical Calculation
10.4 Air-Demand Ratio
10.5 Air Vent Dimensioning
11 Gate Hoists
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Screw Lifts
11.3 Wire Ropes
11.4 Roller Chains
11.5 Oil Hydraulic Drives
11.6 Gate Hoist Arrangement
11.7 Hand Operation
11.8 Design Criteria
11.9 Gate Position Measurement
12 Materials
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Heat Treatment
12.3 Rolled Steels
12.4 Steels for Machine Elements
12.5 Stainless Steels
12.6 Cast Steels
12.7 Forged Steels
12.8 Gray Cast Irons
12.9 Bronzes
12.10 Bolts
13 Gate Seals
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Wood Seals
13.3 Metallic Seals
13.4 Rubber Seals
13.5 Material for Rubber Seals
13.6 Clad Seals
13.7 Rubber Seal Hardness
13.8 Rubber Specifications
13.9 Seal Leakage
13.10 Manufacture and Assembly of Seals
13.11 High-Head Segment Gates – Design Considerations
13.12 Double-Sealing Gates
14 Manufacture, Transportation and Erection
14.1 Manufacture
14.2 Transportation
14.3 Field Erection
14.4 Acceptance Tests
15 Trends and Innovation in Gate Design
15.1 Long-Span Gates
15.2 High-Head Gates
15.3 Refurbishment and Modernization of Gates and Dams
16 Intake Gates
16.1 Intake Gates and Accessories
16.2 Types of Emergency Gates
16.3 Gate Hoists
16.4 Filling the Penstock
16.5 Aeration
16.6 Guard Gates for Kaplan Turbines
16.7 Guard Gates for Bulb Turbines
16.8 Draft Tube Stoplogs for Bulb and Kaplan Turbines
17 Intake Trashracks
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Rack Bar Spacing
17.3 Design Considerations
17.4 Flow Velocity
17.5 Head Loss
17.6 Flow-Induced Vibrations
17.7 Rack-Cleaning Machines
17.8 Safe Design Criteria for Trashracks
