This volume elucidates the design rules for connections in steel and composite structures which are set out in Eurocode 3 and 4. Numerous examples illustrate the application of the respective design rules.
This book details the basic concepts and the design rules included in Eurocode 3 “Design of steel structures” Part 1-8 “Design of joints”. Joints in composite construction are also addressed through references to Eurocode 4 “Design of composite steel and concrete structures” Part 1-1 “General rules and rules for buildings”. Attention has to be duly paid to the joints when designing a steel or composite structure, in terms of the global safety of the construction, and also in terms of the overall cost, including fabrication, transportation and erection.
Therefore, in this book, the design of the joints themselves is widely detailed, and aspects of selection of joint configuration and integration of the joints into the analysis and the design process of the whole construction are also fully covered.
Connections using mechanical fasteners, welded connections, simple joints, moment-resisting joints and lattice girder joints are considered. Various joint configurations are treated, including beam-to-column, beam-to-beam, column bases, and beam and column splice configurations, under different loading situations (axial forces, shear forces, bending moments and their combinations).
The book also briefly summarizes the available knowledge relating to the application of the Eurocode rules to joints under fire, fatigue, earthquake, etc., and also to joints in a structure subjected to exceptional loadings, where the risk of progressive collapse has to be mitigated.
Finally, there are some worked examples, plus references to already published examples and to design tools, which will provide practical help to practitioners.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
PREFACE
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.1.1 Aims of the book
1.1.2 Brief description of the contents of the book
1.1.3 Types of structural systems and joints covered
1.1.4 Basis of design
1.2 Definitions
1.2.1 Joint properties
1.2.2 Sources of joint deformability
1.2.3 Beam splices and column splices
1.2.4 Beam-to-beam joints
1.2.5 Column bases
1.2.6 Composite joints
1.2.7 Hollow section joints
1.3 Material choice
1.4 Fabrication and erection
1.5 Costs
1.6 Design approaches
1.6.1 Application of the "static approach"
1.6.2 Component approach
1.6.3 Hybrid connection aspects
1.7 Design tools
1.7.1 Types of design tools
1.7.2 Examples of design tools
1.8 Worked examples
Chapter 2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Elastic or plastic analysis and verification process
2.1.2 First order or second order analysis
2.1.3 Integration of joint response into the frame analysis and design process
2.2 Joint modelling
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 Modelling and sources of joint deformability
2.2.3 Simplified modelling according to Eurocode 3
2.2.4 Concentration of the joint deformability
2.3 Joint idealisation
2.3.1 Elastic idealisation for an elastic analysis
2.3.2 Rigid-plastic idealisation for a rigid-plastic analysis
2.3.3 Non-linear idealisation for an elastic-plastic analysis
2.4 Joint classification
2.4.1 General
2.4.2 Classification based on mechanical joint properties
2.5 Ductility classes
2.5.1 General concept
2.5.2 Requirements for classes of joints
Chapter 3 CONNECTIONS WITH MECHANICAL FASTENERS
3.1 Mechanical fasteners
3.2 Categories of connections
3.2.1 Shear connections
3.2.2 Tension connections
3.3 of bolt holes
3.4 Design of the basic components
3.4.1 Bolts in shear
3.4.2 Bolts in tension
3.4.3 Bolts in shear and tension
3.4.4 Preloaded bolts
3.4.5 Plates in bearing
3.4.6 Block tearing
3.4.7 Injection bolts
3.4.8 Pins
3.4.9 Blind bolting
3.4.10 Nails
3.4.11 Eccentricity of angles
3.5 Design of connections
3.5.1 Bolted lap joints
3.5.2 Bolted T-stubs
3.5.3 Gusset plates
3.5.4 Long joints
Chapter 4 WELDED CONNECTIONS
4.1 Type of welds
4.1.1 Butt welds
4.1.2 Fillet welds
4.1.3 Fillet welds all round
4.1.4 Plug welds
4.2 Constructive constraints
4.2.1 Mechanical properties of materials
4.2.2 Welding processes, preparation of welds and weld quality
4.2.3 Geometry and dimensions of welds
4.3 Design of welds
4.3.1 Generalities
4.3.2 Fillet welds
4.3.3 Fillet welds all round
4.3.4 Butt welds
4.3.5 Plug welds
4.3.6 Concept of full strength fillet weld
4.4 Distribution of forces in a welded joint
4.4.1 Generalities
4.4.2 Particular situations
Chapter 5 SIMPLE JOINTS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Steel joints
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Scope and field of application
5.2.3 Joint modelling for frame analysis and design requirements
5.2.4 Practical ways to satisfy the ductility and rotation requirements
5.2.5 Design rules for joint characterisation
5.3 Composite joints
5.3.1 Composite joints for simple framing
5.4 Column bases
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Basis for the evaluation of the design resistance
5.4.3 Resistance to axial forces
Chapter 6 MOMENT RESISTANT JOINTS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Component characterisation
6.2.1 Column web panel in shear in steel or composite joints
6.2.2 Column web in transverse compression in steel or composite joints
6.2.3 Column web in transverse tension
6.2.4 Column flange in transverse bending
6.2.5 End-plate in bending
6.2.6 Flange cleat in bending
6.2.7 Beam or column flange and web in compression
6.2.8 Beam web in tension
6.2.9 Plate in tension or compression
6.2.10 Bolts in tension
6.2.11 Bolts in shear
6.2.12 Bolts in bearing (on beam flange, column flange, endplate or cleat)
6.2.13 Concrete in compression including grout
6.2.14 Base plate in bending under compression
6.2.15 Base plate in bending under tension
6.2.16 Anchor bolts in tension
6.2.17 Anchor bolts in shear
6.2.18 Anchor bolts in bearing
6.2.19 Welds
6.2.20 Haunched beam
6.2.21 Longitudinal steel reinforcement in tension
6.2.22 Steel contact plate in compression
6.3 Assembly for resistance
6.3.1 Joints under bending moments
6.3.2 Joints under axial forces
6.3.3 Joints under bending moments and axial forces
6.3.4 M-N-V
6.3.5 Design of welds
6.4 Assembly for rotational stiffness
6.4.1 Joints under bending moments
6.4.2 Joints under bending moments and axial forces
6.5 Assembly for ductility
6.5.1 Steel bolted joints
6.5.2 Steel welded joints
6.6 Application to steel beam-to-column joint configurations
6.6.1 Extended scope
6.6.2 Possible design simplifications for endplate connections
6.6.3 Worked example
6.7 Application to steel column splices
6.7.1 Common splice configurations
6.7.2 Design considerations
6.8 Application to column bases
6.8.1 Common column basis configurations
6.8.2 Design considerations
6.9 Application to composite joints
6.9.1 Generalities
6.9.2 Design properties
6.9.3 Assembly procedure under M and N
Chapter 7 LATTICE GIRDER JOINTS
7.1 General
7.2 Scope and field of application
7.3 Design models
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 Failure modes
7.3.3 Models for CHS chords
7.3.4 Model for RHS chords
7.3.5 Punching shear failure
7.3.6 Model for brace failure
7.3.7 M-N interaction
Chapter 8 JOINTS UNDER VARIOUS LOADING SITUATIONS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Composite joints under sagging moment
8.3 Joints in fire
8.4 Joints under cyclic loading
8.5 Joints under exceptional events
Chapter 9 DESIGN STRATEGIES
9.1 Design opportunities for optimisation of joints and frames
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Traditional design approach
9.1.3 Consistent design approach
9.1.4 Intermediate design approaches
9.1.5 Economic considerations
9.2 Application procedures
9.2.1 Guidelines for design methodology
9.2.2 Use of a good guess for joint stiffness
9.2.3 Required joint stiffness
9.2.4 Use of the fixity factor concept (traditional design approach)
9.2.5 Design of non-sway frames with rigid-plastic global frame analysis
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Annex A Practical values for required rotation capacity
Annex B Values for lateral torsional buckling strength of a fin plate