his book provides an introduction to the theory and design of composite structures of steel and concrete. Material applicable to both buildings and bridges is included, with more detailed information relating to structures for buildings. Throughout, the design methods are illustrated by calculations in accordance with the Eurocode for composite structures, EN 1994, Part 1-1, ‘General rules and rules for buildings’ and Part 1-2, ‘Structural fire design’, and their cross-references to ENs 1990 to 1993. The methods are stated and explained, so that no reference to Eurocodes is needed.
This book provides an introduction to the theory and design of composite structures of steel and concrete. Material applicable to both buildings and bridges is included, with more detailed information relating to structures for buildings. Throughout, the design methods are illustrated by calculations in accordance with the Eurocode for composite structures, EN 1994, Part 1-1, ‘General rules and rules for buildings’ and Part 1-2, ‘Structural fire design’, and their cross-references to ENs 1990 to 1993. The methods are stated and explained, so that no reference to Eurocodes is needed.
The use of Eurocodes has been required in the UK since 2010 for building and bridge structures that are publicly funded. Their first major revision began in 2015, with the new versions due in the early 2020s. Both authors are involved in the work on Eurocode 4. They explain the expected additions and changes, and their effect in the worked examples for a multi-storey framed structure for a building, including resistance to fire.
The book will be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students, their lecturers and supervisors, and to practising engineers seeking familiarity with composite structures, the Eurocodes, and their ongoing revision.
Table Contents
Preface
Symbols, Terminology and Units
1 Introduction
1.1 Composite beams and slabs
1.2 Composite columns and frames
1.3 Design philosophy and the Eurocodes
1.3.1 Background
1.3.2 Limit state design philosophy
1.4 Properties of materials
1.4.1 Concrete
1.4.2 Reinforcing steel
1.4.3 Structural steel
1.4.4 Profiled steel sheeting
1.4.5 Shear connectors
1.5 Direct actions (loading)
1.6 Methods of analysis and design
1.6.1 Typical analyses
1.6.2 Non-linear global analysis
2 Shear Connection
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Simply-supported beam of rectangular cross-section
2.2.1 No shear connection
2.2.2 Full interaction
2.3 Uplift
2.4 Methods of shear connection
2.4.1 Bond
2.4.2 Shear connectors
2.4.3 Shear connection for profiled steel sheeting
2.5 Properties of shear connectors
2.5.1 Stud connectors used with profiled steel sheeting
2.5.2 Stud connectors in a ‘lying’ position
2.5.3 Example: stud connectors in a ‘lying’ position
2.6 Partial interaction
2.7 Effect of degree of shear connection on stresses and deflections
2.8 Longitudinal shear in composite slabs
2.8.1 The shear-bond test
2.8.2 Design by the m–k method
2.8.3 Defects of the m–k method
3 Simply-supported Composite Slabs and Beams
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Example: layout, materials and loadings
3.2.1 Properties of concrete
3.2.2 Properties of other materials
3.2.3 Resistance of the shear connectors
3.2.4 Permanent actions
3.2.5 Variable actions
3.3 Composite floor slabs
3.3.1 Resistance of composite slabs to sagging bending
3.3.2 Resistance of composite slabs to longitudinal shear by the partial-interaction method
3.3.3 Resistance of composite slabs to vertical shear
3.3.4 Punching shear
3.3.5 Bending moments from concentrated point and line loads
3.3.6 Serviceability limit states for composite slabs
3.4 Example: composite slab
3.4.1 Profiled steel sheeting as formwork
3.4.2 Composite slab – flexure and vertical shear
3.4.3 Composite slab – longitudinal shear
3.4.4 Local effects of point load
3.4.5 Composite slab – serviceability
3.4.6 Example: composite slab for a shallow floor using deep decking
3.4.7 Comments on the designs of the composite slab
3.5 Composite beams – sagging bending and vertical shear
3.5.1 Effective cross-section
3.5.2 Classification of steel elements in compression
3.5.3 Resistance to sagging bending
3.5.4 Resistance to vertical shear
3.5.5 Resistance of beams to bending combined with axial force
3.6 Composite beams – longitudinal shear
3.6.1 Critical lengths and cross-sections
3.6.2 Non-ductile, ductile and super-ductile stud shear connectors
3.6.3 Transverse reinforcement
3.6.4 Detailing rules
3.7 Stresses, deflections and cracking in service
3.7.1 Elastic analysis of composite sections in sagging bending
3.7.2 The use of limiting span-to-depth ratios
3.8 Effects of shrinkage of concrete and of temperature
3.9 Vibration of composite floor structures
3.9.1 Prediction of fundamental natural frequency
3.9.2 Response of a composite floor to pedestrian traffic
3.10 Hollow-core and solid precast floor slabs
3.10.1 Joints, longitudinal shear and transverse reinforcement
3.10.2 Design of composite beams that support precast slabs
3.11 Example: simply-supported composite beam
3.11.1 Composite beam – full-interaction flexure and vertical shear
3.11.2 Composite beam – partial shear connection, non-ductile connectors and transverse reinforcement
3.11.3 Composite beam – deflection and vibration
3.12 Shallow floor construction
3.13 Example: composite beam for a shallow floor using deep decking
3.14 Composite beams with large web openings
4 Continuous Beams and Slabs, and Beams in Frames
4.1 Types of global analysis and of beam-to-column joint
4.2 Hogging moment regions of continuous composite beams
4.2.1 Resistance to bending
4.2.2 Vertical shear, and moment-shear interaction
4.2.3 Longitudinal shear
4.2.4 Lateral buckling
4.2.5 Cracking of concrete
4.3 Global analysis of continuous beams
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Elastic analysis
4.3.3 Rigid-plastic analysis
4.4 Stresses and deflections in continuous beams
4.5 Design strategies for continuous beams
4.6 Example: continuous composite beam
4.6.1 Data
4.6.2 Flexure and vertical shear
4.6.3 Lateral buckling
4.6.4 Shear connection and transverse reinforcement
4.6.5 Check on deflections
4.6.6 Control of cracking
4.7 Continuous composite slabs
5 Composite Columns and Frames
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Composite columns
5.3 Beam-to-column joints
5.3.1 Properties of joints
5.3.2 Classification of joints
5.4 Design of non-sway composite frames
5.4.1 Imperfections
5.4.2 Elastic stiffnesses of members
5.4.3 Methods of global analysis
5.4.4 First-order global analysis of braced frames
5.4.5 Outline sequence for design of a composite braced frame
5.5 Example: composite frame
5.5.1 Data
5.5.2 Design action effects and load arrangements
5.6 Simplified design method of EN 1994-1-1, for columns
5.6.1 Introduction
5.6.2 Detailing rules, and resistance to fire
5.6.3 Properties of column lengths
5.6.4 Resistance of a cross-section to combined compression and uniaxial bending
5.6.5 Verification of a column length
5.6.6 Transverse and longitudinal shear
5.6.7 Concrete-filled steel tubes
5.7 Example (continued): external column
5.7.1 Action effects
5.7.2 Properties of the cross-section, and y-axis slenderness
5.7.3 Resistance of the column length, for major-axis bending
5.7.4 Resistance of the column length, for minor-axis bending
5.7.5 Checks on shear, and closing comment
5.8 Example (continued): internal column
5.8.1 Global analysis
5.8.2 Resistance of an internal column
5.8.3 Comment on column design
5.9 Example (continued): design of frame for horizontal forces
5.9.1 Design loadings, ultimate limit state
5.9.2 Stresses and stiffness
5.10 Example (continued): joints between beams and columns
5.10.1 Nominally-pinned joint at external column
5.10.2 End-plate joint at internal column
5.11 Example: concrete-filled steel tube with high-strength materials
5.11.1 Loading
5.11.2 Action effects for the column length
5.11.3 Effect of creep
5.11.4 Slenderness
5.11.5 Bending moment
5.11.6 Interaction polygon, and resistance
5.11.7 Discussion
6 Fire Resistance
6.1 General introduction and additional symbols
6.1.1 Fire resistance requirements
6.1.2 Fire resistance design procedure
6.1.3 Partial safety factors and material properties
6.2 Composite slabs
6.2.1 General calculation method
6.2.2 Tabulated data
6.2.3 Tensile membrane action
6.3 Composite beams
6.3.1 Critical temperature method
6.3.2 Temperature of protected steel
6.3.3 Load-carrying capacity calculation method
6.3.4 Appraisal of different calculation methods for composite beams
6.3.5 Shear resistance
6.4 Composite columns
6.4.1 General calculation method and methods for different types of columns
6.4.2 Concrete-filled tubes
6.4.3 Worked example for concrete-filled tubes with eccentric loading
A Partial-interaction theory
A.1 Theory for simply-supported beam
A.2 Example: partial interaction
References
Index